Patient history and differential diagnosis

The following articles contain general information on the pathology of fat pad atrophy affecting the plantar heel.

Özdemır, H., Söyüncü, Y., Ozgorgen, M. and Dabak, K., 2004. Effects of changes in heel fat pad thickness and elasticity on heel pain. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 94(1), pp.47-52.
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Campanelli, V., Fantini, M., Faccioli, N., Cangemi, A., Pozzo, A. and Sbarbati, A., 2011. Three‐dimensional morphology of heel fat pad: an in vivo computed tomography study. Journal of anatomy, 219(5), pp.622-631.
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The following articles contain general information on the pathology of plantar calcaneal heel spurs.

McMillan, A.M., Landorf, K.B., Barrett, J.T., Menz, H.B. and Bird, A.R., 2009. Diagnostic imaging for chronic plantar heel pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of foot and ankle research, 2(1), p.32.
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Irving, D.B., Cook, J.L. and Menz, H.B., 2006. Factors associated with chronic plantar heel pain: a systematic review. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 9(1), pp.11-22.
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Li, J. and Muehleman, C., 2007. Anatomic relationship of heel spur to surrounding soft tissues: greater variability than previously reported. Clinical Anatomy, 20(8), pp.950-955.
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The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of plantar fasciopathy.

Petraglia, F., Ramazzina, I. and Costantino, C., 2017. Plantar fasciitis in athletes: diagnostic and treatment strategies. A systematic review. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal, 7(1), p.107.
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League, A.C., 2008. Current concepts review: plantar fasciitis. Foot & ankle international, 29(3), pp.358-366.
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Rosenbaum, A.J., DiPreta, J.A. and Misener, D., 2014. Plantar heel pain. Medical Clinics of North America, 98(2), pp.339-352.
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Van Leeuwen, K.D.B., Rogers, J., Winzenberg, T. and van Middelkoop, M., 2016. Higher body mass index is associated with plantar fasciopathy/‘plantar fasciitis’: systematic review and meta-analysis of various clinical and imaging risk factors. British journal of sports medicine, 50(16), pp.972-981.
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The following articles contain general information relating to the pathology of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome and other nerve pathologies affecting the plantar heel.

Doneddu, P.E., Coraci, D., Loreti, C., Piccinini, G. and Padua, L., 2017. Tarsal tunnel syndrome: still more opinions than evidence. Status of the art. Neurological Sciences, 38(10), pp.1735-1739.
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Tawfik, E.A., El Zohiery, A.K. and Abouelela, A.A., 2016. Proposed sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic tarsal tunnel syndrome. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 97(7), pp.1093-1099.
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Ferkel, E., Davis, W.H. and Ellington, J.K., 2015. Entrapment neuropathies of the foot and ankle. Clinics in sports medicine, 34(4), pp.791-801.
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